How is the direct ophthalmoscope utilized for fundic evaluation?

• A. view 1-2 cm from the eye to see a real, upright image
• B. view 10 cm away
• C. produce inverted image
• D. require contact lens

Answer: (A)

Direct ophthalmoscopy is performed by holding the instrument very close to the eye, about 1–2 cm away. This close working distance allows you to directly view a real, magnified, upright image of the fundus, including the optic disc and retinal vessels. It’s typically non-contact, so no special contact lens is required. Viewing from a much greater distance, like 10 cm, wouldn’t produce the same magnified, upright view that this method provides; that setup is more associated with indirect methods that create an inverted image with a lens.